This Article Abstract Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free A correction has been published Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by Ismail, S. H. Articles by Bakar, A. A. Search for Related Content Social Bookmarking                         What's this?

Effects of Chemical Modification of Paper Sludge Filled Polypropylene (PP)/Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM) Composites

School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia; hanafi{at}eng.usm.my

A. Abu Bakar

School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia

The effects of surface treatment of paper sludge (PS) with acrylic acid (esterification) and acetic acid (acetylation) on torque, stabilization torque, mechanical properties, water absorption, morphology, and thermal properties of PP/EPDM/PS composites were studied. It was found that esterified and acetylated composites exhibit higher stabilization torque than untreated composites. The esterification and acetylation treatment have improved the tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young's modulus but have reduced the water absorption of composites. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study of the tensile fracture surface of the esterified and acetylated composites indicates that the presence of acrylic acid and acetic acid increased the interfacial interaction between paper sludge and PP/EPDM matrix. The esterification and acetylation treatment also increase the thermal stability and crystallization of PP/EPDM/PS composites. It was found that paper sludge acts as a nucleation agent in the presence of acrylic acid and acetic acid.

Key Words: paper sludge • polypropylene • ethylene propylene diene-monomer • chemical modification • composites

References

• Kumar, S. (1996). Wood Fiber Sci., 26: 270–280.
• Rowell, R. M. (1993). In: Kennedy, J. F., Phillips, G. O. and William, P. A. (eds), Cellulosics: Pulp, Fibre and Environment Aspect, Chapter 70, Ellis Horwood, London.
• Bodig, J. and Jayne, B. A. (1982). Mechanics of Wood Composites, Chapter 10, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc., New York.
• Stamman, A. J. (1964). Wood and Cellulose Science, p. 245-245, Ronald Press, New York.
• Gasan, J. and Bledzki, A. K. (1997). Composite Part A, 28A: 1001–1005.[CrossRef]
• Mwaikambo, L. Y. and Ansell, M. P. (2002). J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 84: 2222–2234.[CrossRef]
• Marcovich, N. E., Reboredo, M. M. and Aranguren, M. I. (1998). J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 70: 2121–2131.[CrossRef]
• Kazayawoko, M., Balatinez, J. J., Woodhams, R. T. and Law, S. (1997). J. Reinf. Plast. Comp., 16(15): 1383–1406.
• Passaglia, E., Ghetti, S., Picchioni, F. and Ruggeri, G. (2000). Polymer, 41: 4389–4400.[CrossRef]
• Marcovich, N. E., Aranguren, M. I. and Reboredo, M. M. (2001). Polymer, 42: 815–825.[CrossRef]
• Chang, S. T. and Cang, H. T. (2001). Polymer Degradation and Stability, 71: 261–266.[CrossRef]
• Cantiro, G., Arbelaiz, A., Mugika, F., Valea, A. and Mondragon, I. (2003). J. Reinf. Plast. Comp., 22(1): 37–50.
• Rozman, H. D., Saad, M. and Mohd Ishak, Z. A. (2003). Polym. Testing, 22: 335–341.[CrossRef]
• Li, H. M., Chen, H. B., Shen, Z. G. and Lin, S. (2002). Polymer, 43: 5455–5461.[CrossRef]
• Abdul Khalil, H. P. S., Rozman, H. D., Ahmad, M. N. and Ismail, H. (2000). Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng., 39(4): 757–781.[CrossRef]
• Abdul Khalil, H. P. S. and Ismail, H. (2001). Polym. Testing, 20: 65–75.[CrossRef]
• Abdul Khalil, H. P. S., Ismail, H., Rozman, H. D. and Ahmad, M. N. (2001). European Polym. J., 37: 1037–1045.[CrossRef]
• Zurina, M., Ismail, H. and Abu Bakar, A. (2004). J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 92: 3320–3332.[CrossRef]
• Greco, R., Manacarella, C., Martuscelli, E. and Ragosta, G. (1987). Polymer, 28: 1929–1936.[CrossRef]
• Shonaike, G. O. and Kiat, T. H. (1998). J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 68: 350–357.
• Ismail, Salmah H. and Bakar, A. A. J. Reinf. Plast. Comp. (in press).
• Oksman, K. and Clemons, C. (1998). J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 67: 1503–1513.[CrossRef]
• Marcovich, N. E., Reboredo, M. M. and Aranguren, M. I. (1996). J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 61(1): 119–124.[CrossRef]
• Mubarak, A. K., Idris Ali, K. M. and Basu, S. C. (1993). J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 49: 1547–1551.[CrossRef]
• Yang, Q. C. (1993). J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 50: 2047–2051.[CrossRef]
• Temmu, P., Jossi, K., Mika, S. and Tuula, T. K. (2003). J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 87: 1895–1900.[CrossRef]
• Minh Tan, T. T. (1997). Polymers & Polymer Composites, 5(4): 273–279.

Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, Vol. 25, No. 1, 43-58 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/0731684406055454


CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter    What's this?

This Article Abstract Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free A correction has been published Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by Ismail, S. H. Articles by Bakar, A. A. Search for Related Content Social Bookmarking                         What's this?